Print large numbers with commas

[planeteer] / planeteer.go

/* Planeteer: Give trade route advice for Planets: The Exploration of Space
 * Copyright (C) 2011  Scott Worley <sworley@chkno.net>
 *
 * This program is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
 * it under the terms of the GNU Affero General Public License as
 * published by the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the
 * License, or (at your option) any later version.
 *
 * This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
 * but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
 * MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
 * GNU Affero General Public License for more details.
 *
 * You should have received a copy of the GNU Affero General Public License
 * along with this program.  If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
 */

package main

import "flag"
import "fmt"
import "json"
import "os"
import "strings"

var funds = flag.Int("funds", 0,
        "Starting funds")

var start = flag.String("start", "",
        "The planet to start at")

var flight_plan_string = flag.String("flight_plan", "",
        "Your hidey-holes for the day, comma-separated.")

var end = flag.String("end", "",
        "A comma-separated list of acceptable ending planets.")

var planet_data_file = flag.String("planet_data_file", "planet-data",
        "The file to read planet data from")

var fuel = flag.Int("fuel", 16, "Reactor units")

var hold = flag.Int("hold", 300, "Size of your cargo hold")

var start_edens = flag.Int("start_edens", 0,
        "How many Eden Warp Units are you starting with?")

var end_edens = flag.Int("end_edens", 0,
        "How many Eden Warp Units would you like to keep (not use)?")

var cloak = flag.Bool("cloak", false,
        "Make sure to end with a Device of Cloaking")

var drones = flag.Int("drones", 0, "Buy this many Fighter Drones")

var batteries = flag.Int("batteries", 0, "Buy this many Shield Batterys")

var visit_string = flag.String("visit", "",
        "A comma-separated list of planets to make sure to visit")

func visit() []string {
        if *visit_string == "" {
                return []string{}
        }
        return strings.Split(*visit_string, ",")
}

func flight_plan() []string {
        if *flight_plan_string == "" {
                return []string{}
        }
        return strings.Split(*flight_plan_string, ",")
}

type Commodity struct {
        BasePrice int
        CanSell   bool
        Limit     int
}
type Planet struct {
        BeaconOn bool
        /* Use relative prices rather than absolute prices because you
           can get relative prices without traveling to each planet. */
        RelativePrices map[string]int
}
type planet_data struct {
        Commodities map[string]Commodity
        Planets     map[string]Planet
        p2i, c2i    map[string]int // Generated; not read from file
        i2p, i2c    []string       // Generated; not read from file
}

func ReadData() (data planet_data) {
        f, err := os.Open(*planet_data_file)
        if err != nil {
                panic(err)
        }
        defer f.Close()
        err = json.NewDecoder(f).Decode(&data)
        if err != nil {
                panic(err)
        }
        return
}

/* This program operates by filling in a state table representing the best
 * possible trips you could make; the ones that makes you the most money.
 * This is feasible because we don't look at all the possible trips.
 * We define a list of things that are germane to this game and then only
 * consider the best outcome in each possible game state.
 *
 * Each cell in the table represents a state in the game.  In each cell,
 * we track two things: 1. the most money you could possibly have while in
 * that state and 2. one possible way to get into that state with that
 * amount of money.
 *
 * A basic analysis can be done with a two-dimensional table: location and
 * fuel.  planeteer-1.0 used this two-dimensional table.  This version
 * adds features mostly by adding dimensions to this table.
 *
 * Note that the sizes of each dimension are data driven.  Many dimensions
 * collapse to one possible value (ie, disappear) if the corresponding
 * feature is not enabled.
 *
 * The order of the dimensions in the list of constants below determines
 * their layout in RAM.  The cargo-based 'dimensions' are not completely
 * independent -- some combinations are illegal and not used.  They are
 * handled as three dimensions rather than one for simplicity.  Placing
 * these dimensions first causes the unused cells in the table to be
 * grouped together in large blocks.  This keeps them from polluting
 * cache lines, and if they are large enough, prevent the memory manager
 * from allocating pages for these areas at all.
 *
 * If the table gets too big to fit in RAM:
 *    * Combine the Edens, Cloaks, and UnusedCargo dimensions.  Of the
 *      24 combinations, only 15 are legal: a 38% savings.
 *    * Reduce the size of the Fuel dimension to 3.  We only ever look
 *      backwards 2 units, so just rotate the logical values through
 *      the same 3 physical addresses.  This is good for an 82% savings.
 *    * Reduce the size of the Edens dimension from 3 to 2, for the
 *      same reasons as Fuel above.  33% savings.
 *    * Buy more ram.  (Just sayin'.  It's cheaper than you think.)
 *      
 */

// The official list of dimensions:
const (
        // Name                Num  Size  Description
        Edens        = iota //   1     3  # of Eden warp units (0 - 2 typically)
        Cloaks              //   2     2  # of Devices of Cloaking (0 or 1)
        UnusedCargo         //   3     4  # of unused cargo spaces (0 - 3 typically)
        Fuel                //   4    17  Reactor power left (0 - 16)
        Location            //   5    26  Location (which planet)
        Hold                //   6    15  Cargo bay contents (a *Commodity or nil)
        NeedFighters        //   7     2  Errand: Buy fighter drones (needed or not)
        NeedShields         //   8     2  Errand: Buy shield batteries (needed or not)
        Visit               //   9  2**N  Visit: Stop by these N planets in the route

        NumDimensions
)

func bint(b bool) int {
        if b {
                return 1
        }
        return 0
}

func DimensionSizes(data planet_data) []int {
        eden_capacity := data.Commodities["Eden Warp Units"].Limit
        if *start_edens > eden_capacity {
                eden_capacity = *start_edens
        }
        cloak_capacity := bint(*cloak)
        dims := make([]int, NumDimensions)
        dims[Edens] = eden_capacity + 1
        dims[Cloaks] = cloak_capacity + 1
        dims[UnusedCargo] = eden_capacity + cloak_capacity + 1
        dims[Fuel] = *fuel + 1
        dims[Location] = len(data.Planets)
        dims[Hold] = len(data.Commodities)
        dims[NeedFighters] = bint(*drones > 0) + 1
        dims[NeedShields] = bint(*batteries > 0) + 1
        dims[Visit] = 1 << uint(len(visit()))

        // Remind myself to add a line above when adding new dimensions
        for i, dim := range dims {
                if dim < 1 {
                        panic(i)
                }
        }
        return dims
}

func StateTableSize(dims []int) int {
        product := 1
        for _, size := range dims {
                product *= size
        }
        return product
}

type State struct {
        value, from int
}

func EncodeIndex(dims, addr []int) int {
        index := addr[0]
        if addr[0] > dims[0] {
                panic(0)
        }
        for i := 1; i < NumDimensions; i++ {
                if addr[i] > dims[i] {
                        panic(i)
                }
                index = index*dims[i] + addr[i]
        }
        return index
}

func DecodeIndex(dims []int, index int) []int {
        addr := make([]int, NumDimensions)
        for i := NumDimensions - 1; i > 0; i-- {
                addr[i] = index % dims[i]
                index /= dims[i]
        }
        addr[0] = index
        return addr
}

func InitializeStateTable(data planet_data, dims []int) []State {
        table := make([]State, StateTableSize(dims))

        addr := make([]int, NumDimensions)
        addr[Fuel] = *fuel
        addr[Edens] = *start_edens
        addr[Location] = data.p2i[*start]
        table[EncodeIndex(dims, addr)].value = *funds

        return table
}

/* These four fill procedures fill in the cell at address addr by
 * looking at all the possible ways to reach this cell and selecting
 * the best one.
 *
 * The other obvious implementation choice is to do this the other way
 * around -- for each cell, conditionally overwrite all the other cells
 * that are reachable *from* the considered cell.  We choose gathering
 * reads over scattering writes to avoid having to take a bunch of locks.
 */

func UpdateCell(table []State, here, there, value_difference int) {
        possible_value := table[there].value + value_difference
        if table[there].value > 0 && possible_value > table[here].value {
                table[here].value = possible_value
                table[here].from = there
        }
}

func FillCellByArriving(data planet_data, dims []int, table []State, addr []int) {
        my_index := EncodeIndex(dims, addr)
        other := make([]int, NumDimensions)
        copy(other, addr)

        /* Travel here via a 2-fuel unit jump */
        if addr[Fuel]+2 < dims[Fuel] {
                other[Fuel] = addr[Fuel] + 2
                for other[Location] = 0; other[Location] < dims[Location]; other[Location]++ {
                        UpdateCell(table, my_index, EncodeIndex(dims, other), 0)
                }
                other[Location] = addr[Location]
                other[Fuel] = addr[Fuel]
        }

        /* Travel here via a hidey hole */
        if addr[Fuel]+1 < dims[Fuel] {
                hole_index := (dims[Fuel] - 1) - (addr[Fuel] + 1)
                if hole_index < len(flight_plan()) {
                        other[Fuel] = addr[Fuel] + 1
                        other[Location] = data.p2i[flight_plan()[hole_index]]
                        UpdateCell(table, my_index, EncodeIndex(dims, other), 0)
                        other[Location] = addr[Location]
                        other[Fuel] = addr[Fuel]
                }
        }

        /* Travel here via Eden Warp Unit */
        for other[Edens] = addr[Edens] + 1; other[Edens] < dims[Edens]; other[Edens]++ {
                for other[Location] = 0; other[Location] < dims[Location]; other[Location]++ {
                        UpdateCell(table, my_index, EncodeIndex(dims, other), 0)
                }
        }
        other[Location] = addr[Location]
        other[Edens] = addr[Edens]
}

func FillCellBySelling(data planet_data, dims []int, table []State, addr []int) {
        if addr[Hold] > 0 {
                // Can't sell and still have cargo
                return
        }
        if addr[UnusedCargo] > 0 {
                // Can't sell everything and still have 'unused' holds
                return
        }
        my_index := EncodeIndex(dims, addr)
        other := make([]int, NumDimensions)
        copy(other, addr)
        planet := data.i2p[addr[Location]]
        for other[Hold] = 0; other[Hold] < dims[Hold]; other[Hold]++ {
                commodity := data.i2c[other[Hold]]
                if !data.Commodities[commodity].CanSell {
                        // TODO: Dump cargo
                        continue
                }
                relative_price, available := data.Planets[planet].RelativePrices[commodity]
                if !available {
                        continue
                }
                base_price := data.Commodities[commodity].BasePrice
                absolute_price := float64(base_price) * float64(relative_price) / 100.0
                sell_price := int(absolute_price * 0.9)

                for other[UnusedCargo] = 0; other[UnusedCargo] < dims[UnusedCargo]; other[UnusedCargo]++ {

                        quantity := *hold - other[UnusedCargo] // TODO: Partial sales
                        sale_value := quantity * sell_price
                        UpdateCell(table, my_index, EncodeIndex(dims, other), sale_value)
                }
        }
        other[UnusedCargo] = addr[UnusedCargo]
}

func FillCellByBuying(data planet_data, dims []int, table []State, addr []int) {
        if addr[Hold] == 0 {
                // Can't buy and then have nothing
                return
        }
        my_index := EncodeIndex(dims, addr)
        other := make([]int, NumDimensions)
        copy(other, addr)
        planet := data.i2p[addr[Location]]
        commodity := data.i2c[addr[Hold]]
        if !data.Commodities[commodity].CanSell {
                return
        }
        relative_price, available := data.Planets[planet].RelativePrices[commodity]
        if !available {
                return
        }
        base_price := data.Commodities[commodity].BasePrice
        absolute_price := int(float64(base_price) * float64(relative_price) / 100.0)
        quantity := *hold - addr[UnusedCargo]
        total_price := quantity * absolute_price
        other[Hold] = 0
        UpdateCell(table, my_index, EncodeIndex(dims, other), -total_price)
}

func FillCellByMisc(data planet_data, dims []int, table []State, addr []int) {
        /* Buy Eden warp units */
        /* Buy a Device of Cloaking */
        /* Silly: Dump a Device of Cloaking */
        /* Buy Fighter Drones */
        /* Buy Shield Batteries */
        /* Visit this planet */
}

func FillStateTable2Iteration(data planet_data, dims []int, table []State,
addr []int, f func(planet_data, []int, []State, []int)) {
        /* TODO: Justify the safety of the combination of this dimension
         * iteration and the various phases f.  */
        for addr[Hold] = 0; addr[Hold] < dims[Hold]; addr[Hold]++ {
                for addr[Cloaks] = 0; addr[Cloaks] < dims[Cloaks]; addr[Cloaks]++ {
                        for addr[UnusedCargo] = 0; addr[UnusedCargo] < dims[UnusedCargo]; addr[UnusedCargo]++ {
                                for addr[NeedFighters] = 0; addr[NeedFighters] < dims[NeedFighters]; addr[NeedFighters]++ {
                                        for addr[NeedShields] = 0; addr[NeedShields] < dims[NeedShields]; addr[NeedShields]++ {
                                                for addr[Visit] = 0; addr[Visit] < dims[Visit]; addr[Visit]++ {
                                                        f(data, dims, table, addr)
                                                }
                                        }
                                }
                        }
                }
        }
}

func FillStateTable2(data planet_data, dims []int, table []State,
fuel_remaining, edens_remaining int, planet string, barrier chan<- bool) {
        addr := make([]int, len(dims))
        addr[Edens] = edens_remaining
        addr[Fuel] = fuel_remaining
        addr[Location] = data.p2i[planet]
        FillStateTable2Iteration(data, dims, table, addr, FillCellByArriving)
        FillStateTable2Iteration(data, dims, table, addr, FillCellBySelling)
        FillStateTable2Iteration(data, dims, table, addr, FillCellByBuying)
        FillStateTable2Iteration(data, dims, table, addr, FillCellByMisc)
        barrier <- true
}

/* Filling the state table is a set of nested for loops NumDimensions deep.
 * We split this into two procedures: 1 and 2.  #1 is the outer, slowest-
 * changing indexes.  #1 fires off many calls to #2 that run in parallel.
 * The order of the nesting of the dimensions, the order of iteration within
 * each dimension, and where the 1 / 2 split is placed are carefully chosen 
 * to make this arrangement safe.
 *
 * Outermost two layers: Go from high-energy states (lots of fuel, edens) to
 * low-energy state.  These must be processed sequentially and in this order
 * because you travel through high-energy states to get to the low-energy
 * states.
 *
 * Third layer: Planet.  This is a good layer to parallelize on.  There's
 * high enough cardinality that we don't have to mess with parallelizing
 * multiple layers for good utilization (on 2011 machines).  Each thread
 * works on one planet's states and need not synchronize with peer threads.
 */
func FillStateTable1(data planet_data, dims []int, table []State) {
        barrier := make(chan bool, len(data.Planets))
        eden_capacity := data.Commodities["Eden Warp Units"].Limit
        work_units := (float64(*fuel) + 1) * (float64(eden_capacity) + 1)
        work_done := 0.0
        for fuel_remaining := *fuel; fuel_remaining >= 0; fuel_remaining-- {
                for edens_remaining := eden_capacity; edens_remaining >= 0; edens_remaining-- {
                        for planet := range data.Planets {
                                go FillStateTable2(data, dims, table, fuel_remaining,
                                        edens_remaining, planet, barrier)
                        }
                        for _ = range data.Planets {
                                <-barrier
                        }
                        work_done++
                        print(fmt.Sprintf("\r%3.0f%%", 100*work_done/work_units))
                }
        }
        print("\n")
}

func FindBestState(data planet_data, dims []int, table []State) int {
        addr := make([]int, NumDimensions)
        addr[Edens] = *end_edens
        addr[Cloaks] = dims[Cloaks] - 1
        addr[NeedFighters] = dims[NeedFighters] - 1
        addr[NeedShields] = dims[NeedShields] - 1
        addr[Visit] = dims[Visit] - 1
        // Fuel, Hold, UnusedCargo left at 0
        var max_index int
        max_value := 0
        for addr[Location] = 0; addr[Location] < dims[Location]; addr[Location]++ {
                index := EncodeIndex(dims, addr)
                if table[index].value > max_value {
                        max_value = table[index].value
                        max_index = index
                }
        }
        return max_index
}

func Commas(n int) (s string) {
        r := n % 1000
        n /= 1000
        for n > 0 {
                s = fmt.Sprintf(",%03d", r) + s
                r = n % 1000
                n /= 1000
        }
        s = fmt.Sprint(r) + s
        return
}

func DescribePath(data planet_data, dims []int, table []State, start int) (description []string) {
        for index := start; index > 0 && table[index].from > 0; index = table[index].from {
                line := fmt.Sprintf("%13v", Commas(table[index].value))
                addr := DecodeIndex(dims, index)
                prev := DecodeIndex(dims, table[index].from)
                if addr[Location] != prev[Location] {
                        from := data.i2p[prev[Location]]
                        to := data.i2p[addr[Location]]
                        if addr[Fuel] != prev[Fuel] {
                                line += fmt.Sprintf(" Jump from %v to %v (%v reactor units)", from, to, prev[Fuel]-addr[Fuel])
                        } else if addr[Edens] != prev[Edens] {
                                line += fmt.Sprintf(" Eden warp from %v to %v", from, to)
                        } else {
                                panic("Traveling without fuel?")
                        }
                }
                if addr[Hold] != prev[Hold] {
                        if addr[Hold] == 0 {
                                quantity := *hold - (prev[UnusedCargo] + prev[Edens] + prev[Cloaks])
                                line += fmt.Sprintf(" Sell %v %v", quantity, data.i2c[prev[Hold]])
                        } else if prev[Hold] == 0 {
                                quantity := *hold - (addr[UnusedCargo] + addr[Edens] + addr[Cloaks])
                                line += fmt.Sprintf(" Buy %v %v", quantity, data.i2c[addr[Hold]])
                        } else {
                                panic("Switched cargo?")
                        }

                }
                description = append(description, line)
        }
        return
}

// (Example of a use case for generics in Go)
func IndexPlanets(m *map[string]Planet, start_at int) (map[string]int, []string) {
        e2i := make(map[string]int, len(*m)+start_at)
        i2e := make([]string, len(*m)+start_at)
        i := start_at
        for e := range *m {
                e2i[e] = i
                i2e[i] = e
                i++
        }
        return e2i, i2e
}
func IndexCommodities(m *map[string]Commodity, start_at int) (map[string]int, []string) {
        e2i := make(map[string]int, len(*m)+start_at)
        i2e := make([]string, len(*m)+start_at)
        i := start_at
        for e := range *m {
                e2i[e] = i
                i2e[i] = e
                i++
        }
        return e2i, i2e
}

func main() {
        flag.Parse()
        data := ReadData()
        data.p2i, data.i2p = IndexPlanets(&data.Planets, 0)
        data.c2i, data.i2c = IndexCommodities(&data.Commodities, 1)
        dims := DimensionSizes(data)
        table := InitializeStateTable(data, dims)
        FillStateTable1(data, dims, table)
        best := FindBestState(data, dims, table)
        fmt.Printf("Best state: %v (%v) with $%v\n",
                best, DecodeIndex(dims, best), table[best].value)
        description := DescribePath(data, dims, table, best)
        for i := len(description) - 1; i >= 0; i-- {
                fmt.Println(description[i])
        }
}